Cavities form when a combination of factors such as bacteria, sugar, acids, and insufficient oral hygiene weaken the tooth’s enamel over time. Understanding these causes can help you protect your smile and prevent future decay.

Bacteria and Plaque

The mouth naturally contains bacteria that create a sticky film called plaque on the surface of teeth. These bacteria feed on sugars and carbohydrates left behind after eating, producing acids that gradually wear down the enamel and cause cavities.

Sugary and Acidic Diets

Frequent consumption of sugary snacks, sodas, or acidic foods encourages bacterial growth and acid production. Even natural sugars found in fruit juices can contribute to tooth decay when oral hygiene habits are not consistent.

Poor Oral Hygiene

Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to build up and harden into tartar, which can increase the risk of cavities and gum disease. Regular dental cleanings and daily home care are essential for prevention.

Dry Mouth

Saliva plays an important role in protecting your teeth by neutralizing acids and washing away food particles. When saliva flow is reduced due to medications, health conditions, or dehydration, your mouth becomes more prone to decay.

Cavities can vary in size, location, and severity. Early signs may be subtle, but recognizing them early helps ensure timely and effective treatment.

Common Symptoms Include:

• Toothache or spontaneous pain
• Sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods
• Visible holes or pits on the tooth surface
• Staining or discoloration
• Pain when biting or chewing
• Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
• Swelling or pus around the affected tooth in advanced cases

The goal of treatment is to remove decay, restore tooth structure, and prevent future problems. The type of treatment depends on the extent of the damage and the condition of the surrounding tooth and gums.

Fillings

Used to treat minor or moderate decay. After removing the damaged area, the cavity is filled with a durable material such as composite resin to restore the tooth’s shape and function.

Crowns

Recommended when decay has severely weakened a tooth. A custom-made crown fits over the remaining structure, strengthening and protecting it from further damage.

Root Canal Therapy

When decay reaches the pulp (inner nerve), a root canal is needed to remove the infected tissue, clean the canal, and seal the space to prevent reinfection.

Tooth Extraction

If a tooth is too damaged to save, removal may be necessary to protect your overall oral health. Replacement options such as implants or bridges can restore your smile and function.